I still remember the days in college when I memorized the presidents of Colombia in the 20th century. I didn’t just know their names; I could tell you about their most important contributions to Colombia. I aced that test, scoring the highest grade possible. But now? I can barely recall a few names, much less what each one accomplished.

This experience isn’t unique. Many of us use study techniques that help us pass exams but don’t stick in our long-term memory. In this article, based on the research in Make It Stick: The Science of Successful Learning, we’ll explore some popular learning methods that just don’t work for long-term retention. If you’re interested in effective study strategies or simply want to avoid common study mistakes, keep reading!

1. Repetition Without Understanding Doesn’t Lead to Lasting Learning

Repetition is often recommended for memorization, but according to research, it doesn’t support long-term retention. Repeating facts may help you prepare for an exam, but it doesn’t create deep understanding or lasting knowledge. For true learning, the brain needs more than rote repetition – it needs challenges and varied, active engagement.

2. Rereading Texts: Wasted Time and Minimal Retention

Rereading is a classic go-to study method, but studies show it often creates a false sense of mastery. Repeatedly reading the same material makes it feel familiar but doesn’t engage active learning processes. Instead, using active recall – testing yourself without looking at the material – has proven to be a far more effective strategy.

3. Highlighting and Underlining: Passive and Incomplete Learning

Highlighting or underlining may help focus attention but often lacks real engagement. This technique only becomes effective when combined with more active learning methods. To get the most out of highlighting, use it as a first step, followed by active summarization or self-quizzing.

4. Passive Reading Without Practical Application

Another common mistake is reading and rereading without applying what’s been learned in a practical context. Studies have shown that spaced practice and contextual application are key for long-term retention. Instead of simply reviewing notes, try to apply the information in real-world scenarios or spread your study sessions over time for deeper learning.

5. Cramming: Short-Term Success, Long-Term Failure

“Cramming” or intensive studying right before a test can result in passing grades but is ineffective for retaining information in the long term. Research, as discussed in Make It Stick, shows that distributed practice – spacing out study sessions – builds stronger memory and better understanding over time.

6. Rote Memorization Without Context (Rote Learning)

Memorizing facts without context may help you recall isolated details but doesn’t promote true understanding. Elaboration and using real-life examples help to build connections and reinforce learning. Simply memorizing without understanding “why” or “how” creates a weak foundation that fades quickly.

Conclusion: Choosing Science-Based Learning Techniques for Real Results

For truly effective learning, consider methods beyond traditional repetition, rereading, or highlighting. As we gain insights into how the brain processes information, it’s clear that adopting evidence-based study techniques leads to better, longer-lasting results. Practicing active recall, using spaced learning, and applying knowledge across various contexts are just a few ways to build stronger memory.

Rather than relying on short-term strategies, adopt techniques that science has shown can improve your learning journey. Give these methods a try, and see how they transform your ability to retain information!